Vitamin D references

Vitamin D science & covid-19

Meltzer DO, Best TJ, Zhang H, Vokes T, Arora VM, Solway J. Association of Vitamin D Levels, Race/Ethnicity, and Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test Results. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(3):e214117. [Link]

Nogués X et al. Calcifediol Treatment and COVID-19-Related Outcomes. SSRN preprint. 2021 Jan [Link]

Leila Nikniaz, Mohammad Amin Akbarzadeh, Hossein Hosseinifard, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini. The impact of vitamin D supplementation on mortality rate and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv 2021.01.04.21249219. [Link]

Roya Ghasemian, Amir Shamshirian, Keyvan Heydari, Mohammad Malekan, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh, Hamed Jafarpour, Arash Rezaei Shahmirzadi, Mehrdad Khodabandeh, Benyamin Seyfari, Alireza Motamedzadeh, Ehsan Dadgostar, Marzieh Aalinezhad, Meghdad Sedaghat, Morteza Behnamfar, Anahita Asadi, Bahman Zarandi, Nazanin Razzaghi, Vahid Yaghoubi Naei, Amirhossein Hessami, Soheil Azizi, Ali Reza Mohseni, Danial Shamshirian. The Role of Vitamin D in The Age of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. medRxiv preprint. 2020.06.05.20123554. [Link]

Pereira M et al. Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020 Nov 4:1-9. [Link]

Merzon E et al. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study. FEBS J. 2020 Jul 23:10.1111/febs.15495. [Link]

Israel A et al. The link between vitamin D deficiency and Covid-19 in a large population. medRxiv 2020.09.04.20188268. [Link]

Vitamin D supplementation and covid-19 patients

Leila Nikniaz, Mohammad Amin Akbarzadeh, Hossein Hosseinifard, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini. The impact of vitamin D supplementation on mortality rate and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv. 2020 10.1101/2021.01.04.21249219 [Link]

Annika Roth, Steffen Lütke, Denise Meinberger, Gabriele Hermes, Gerhard Sengle, Manuel Koch, Thomas Streichert, Andreas R. Klatt. LL-37 fights SARS-CoV-2: The Vitamin D-Inducible Peptide LL-37 Inhibits Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to its Cellular Receptor Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 In Vitro. bioRxiv 2020.12.02.408153 [Link]

Rastogi A, Bhansali A, Khare N, et al. Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: a randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study). Postgraduate Medical Journal. Published Online First: 12 November 2020 [Link]

Jolliffe D et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials.. medRxiv. 2020.07.14.20152728 [Link]

Mok CK et al. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is a promising candidate for COVID-19 prophylaxis. bioRxiv 2020.06.21.162396 [Link]

Ali Daneshkhah, Vasundhara Agrawal, Adam Eshein, Hariharan Subramanian, Hemant Kumar Roy, Vadim Backman. The Possible Role of Vitamin D in Suppressing Cytokine Storm and Associated Mortality in COVID-19 Patients. medRxiv. 2020.04.08.20058578 [Link]

Where the covid science is re circulating 25(OH)D levels / 1,25(OH)2D

José L Hernández, Daniel Nan, Marta Fernandez-Ayala, Mayte García-Unzueta, Miguel A Hernández-Hernández, Marcos López-Hoyos, Pedro Muñoz-Cacho, José M Olmos, Manuel Gutiérrez-Cuadra, Juan J Ruiz-Cubillán, Javier Crespo, Víctor M Martínez-Taboada, Vitamin D Status in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, dgaa733, https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa733 [Link]

Vassiliou AG, Jahaj E, Pratikaki M, Orfanos SE, Dimopoulou I, Kotanidou A. Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels on Admission to the Intensive Care Unit May Predispose COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients to a Higher 28-Day Mortality Risk: A Pilot Study on a Greek ICU Cohort. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3773. [Link]

Dieter De Smet, MD, Kristof De Smet, MD, Pauline Herroelen, MSc, Stefaan Gryspeerdt, MD, Geert A Martens, MD, PhD, Serum 25(OH)D Level on Hospital Admission Associated With COVID-19 Stage and Mortality, American Journal of Clinical Pathology, , aqaa252. [Link]

Ali N. Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity. J Infect Public Health. 2020 Oct;13(10):1373-1380. [Link]

Ye K, Tang F, Liao X, Shaw BA, Deng M, Huang G, Qin Z, Peng X, Xiao H, Chen C, Liu X, Ning L, Wang B, Tang N, Li M, Xu F, Lin S, Yang J. Does Serum Vitamin D Level Affect COVID-19 Infection and Its Severity?-A Case-Control Study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2020 Oct 13:1-8 [Link]

Entrenas Castillo, Marta et al. “"Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study".” J Steroid Biochem. vol. 203 (2020): 105751. [Link]

Meltzer DO, Best TJ, Zhang H, Vokes T, Arora V, Solway J. Association of Vitamin D Status and Other Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test Results. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2019722. [Link]

Ohaegbulam KC, Swalih M, Patel P, Smith MA, Perrin R. Vitamin D Supplementation in COVID-19 Patients: A Clinical Case Series. Am J Ther. 2020;27(5):e485-e490. doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001222 [Link]

Laird E, Rhodes J, Kenny RA. Vitamin D and Inflammation: Potential Implications for Severity of Covid-19. Ir Med J. 2020 May 7;113(5):81 [Link]

Arvinte C, Singh M, Marik PE. Serum levels of vitamin C and vitamin D in a cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients of a north American community hospital intensive care unit in may 2020. A pilot study. Med Drug Discov. 2020 Sep 18;8:100064. [Link]

Macaya F, Espejo Paeres C, Valls A, Fernández-Ortiz A, González Del Castillo J, Martín-Sánchez J, Runkle I, Rubio Herrera MÁ. Interaction between age and vitamin D deficiency in severe COVID-19 infection. Nutr Hosp. 2020 Sep 22. English. [Link]

Mandal AKJ, Baktash V, Hosack T, Missouris CG. Vitamin D status and COVID-19 in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020 Sep 21:1–2. [Link]

Kaufman HW, Niles JK, Kroll MH, Bi C, Holick MF. SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. PLoS One. 2020 Sep 17;15(9):e0239252. [Link]

Radujkovic A, Hippchen T, Tiwari-Heckler S, Dreher S, Boxberger M, Merle U. Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients. Nutrients. 2020 Sep 10;12(9):2757. [Link]

Where serum status for 25(OH)D is in populations in different countries

Ilie PC, Stefanescu S, Smith L. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020 Jul;32(7):1195-1198. [Link]

Martineau AR, Forouhi NG. Vitamin D for COVID-19: a case to answer? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Sep;8(9):735-736. [Link]

Vitamin D general

Vitamin National Institute for Health – vitamin D fact sheet for professionals.

The fact sheet was comprehensively reviewed and extensively revised 09 October 2020 [Link]

Lanham-New SA, Webb AR, Cashman KD, et al Vitamin D and SARS-CoV-2 virus/COVID-19 disease BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health. 2020;3. [Link]

McCullough PJ et al.. The Essential Role of Vitamin D in the Biosynthesis of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides May Explain Why Deficiency Increases Mortality Risk in COVID-19 Infections. Preprints 2020, 2020050265. [Link]

Vitamin D genetics

Alathari, B.E., Sabta, A.A., Kalpana, C.A. et al. Vitamin D pathway-related gene polymorphisms and their association with metabolic diseases: A literature review. J Diabetes Metab Disord (2020). [Link]

Hu Z, Tao S, Liu H, Pan G, Li B, Zhang Z. The Association between Polymorphisms of Vitamin D Metabolic-Related Genes and Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. J Diabetes Res. 2019 Sep 8;2019:8289741. [Link]

Bakos, B., Szili, B., Szabó, B. et al. Genetic variants of VDR and CYP2R1 affect BMI independently of serum vitamin D concentrations. BMC Med Genet. 21, 129 (2020). [Link]

Christakos S, Li S, De La Cruz J, Bikle DD. New developments in our understanding of vitamin metabolism, action and treatment. Metabolism. 2019 Sep;98:112-120.[Link]

Vitamin D and ethnicity

Weishaar T, Rajan S, Keller B. Probability of Vitamin D Deficiency by Body Weight and Race/Ethnicity. J Am Board Fam Med. 2016 Mar-Apr;29(2):226-32. [Link]

Hastie CE, Mackay DF, Ho F, Celis-Morales CA, Katikireddi SV, Niedzwiedz CL, Jani BD, Welsh P, Mair FS, Gray SR, O'Donnell CA, Gill JM, Sattar N, Pell JP. Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 Jul-Aug;14(4):561-565. [Link]

Vitamin D, obesity & T2D

Andrea L Darling, Kourosh R Ahmadi, Kate A Ward, Nicholas C Harvey, Alexessander Couto Alves, Deborah K Dunn-Waters, Susan Alexandra Lanham-New, Cyrus Cooper, David J Blackbour. Vitamin D status, body mass index, ethnicity and COVID-19: Initial analysis of the first-reported UK Biobank COVID-19 positive cases (n 580) compared with negative controls (n 723). medRxiv. 2020.04.29.20084277. [Link]

Ruiz-Ojeda F, J, Anguita-Ruiz A, Leis R, Aguilera C, M: Genetic Factors and Molecular Mechanisms of Vitamin D and Obesity Relationship. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018;:89-99. [Link]

Vitamin D and respiratory tract infections

Charan J, Goyal JP, Saxena D, Yadav P. Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2012;3(4):300-303. [Link]

Rapid Response: Re: Preventing a covid-19 pandemic: Can vitamin D supplementation reduce the spread of COVID-19? Try first with health care workers and first responders. BMJ. 2020;368:m810. [Link]

Martineau Adrian R, Jolliffe David A, Hooper Richard L, Greenberg Lauren, Aloia John F, Bergman Peter et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ. 2017; 356 :i6583 [Link]

Yakoob MY, Salam RA, Khan FR, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin D supplementation for preventing infections in children under five. Cochrane. 2016 Nov. [Link]

Bergman P, Lindh AU, Björkhem-Bergman L, Lindh JD. Vitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 19;8(6):e65835. [Link]

Vitamin D and immune system

Aranow C. Vitamin D and the Immune System. J Invest Med. 2011;59:881-886. [Link]

Saul L, Mair I, Ivens A, Brown P, Samuel K, Campbell JDM, Soong DY, Kamenjarin N, Mellanby RJ. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Restrains CD4+ T Cell Priming Ability of CD11c+ Dendritic Cells by Upregulating Expression of CD31. Front Immunol. 2019 Mar 28;10:600. [Link]

Santos, Rodrigo Nolasco dos, Maeda, Sergio Setsuo, Jardim, José Roberto, & Lazaretti-Castro, Marise. (2020). Reasons to avoid vitamin D deficiency during COVID-19 pandemic. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 64(5), 498-506. Epub August 28, 2020. [Link]

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 / 25(OH)D

Ney J, Heyland DK, Amrein K, Marx G, Grottke O, Choudrakis M, Autschbach T, Hill A, Meybohm P, Benstoem C, Goetzenich A, Fitzner C, Stoppe C. The relevance of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration for postoperative infections and postoperative organ dysfunctions in cardiac surgery patients: The eVIDenCe study. Clin Nutr. 2019 Dec;38(6):2756-2762. [Link]

Peter K, Siska PJ, Roider T, Matos C, Bruns H, Renner K, Singer K, Weber D, Güllstorf M, Kröger N, Wolff D, Herr W, Ayuk F, Holler E, Stark K, Heid IM, Kreutz M. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 but not the clinically applied marker 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 predicts survival after stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2020 Aug 27. [Link]

Jorde, Rolf & Grimnes, Guri. (2017). Serum cholecalciferol may be a better marker of vitamin D status than 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Medical Hypotheses. 111. 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.12.017. [Link]

Stubbs JR, Zhang S, Friedman PA, Nolin TD. Decreased conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 following cholecalciferol therapy in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Nov 7;9(11):1965-73. [Link]